Welding Electrodes Selection Guideline

How to Pick the Right One for Your Project: Welding Electrodes

/in /by

Introduction

Welding is a critical process in many industries, especially in the fabrication and joining of metal materials like steel pipes, plates, fittings, flanges, and valves. The success of any welding operation depends heavily on choosing the right welding electrodes. Selecting the appropriate electrode ensures strong, durable welds and reduces the risk of defects, which can compromise the integrity of the welded structure. This guideline aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Welding Electrodes, offering valuable insights and solutions for common user concerns.

Understanding Welding Electrodes

Welding electrodes, often referred to as welding rods, serve as the filler material used in joining metals. Electrodes are classified into two categories:

  • Consumable Electrodes: These melt during welding and contribute material to the joint (e.g., SMAW, GMAW).
  • Non-Consumable Electrodes: These do not melt during welding (e.g., GTAW).

Electrodes come in different types, depending on the welding process, base material, and environmental conditions.

Key Factors to Consider for Welding Electrodes Selection

1. Base Material Composition

The chemical composition of the metal to be welded plays a critical role in electrode selection. The electrode material must be compatible with the base material to avoid contamination or weak welds. For example:

  • Carbon steel: Use carbon steel electrodes like E6010, E7018.
  • Stainless steel: Use stainless steel electrodes such as E308L, E316L.
  • Alloy steels: Match the electrode to the alloy grade (e.g., E8018-B2 for Cr-Mo steels).

2. Welding Position

The electrode’s usability in different welding positions (flat, horizontal, vertical, and overhead) is another key factor. Some electrodes, such as E7018, can be used in all positions, while others, like E6010, are particularly good for vertical-down welding.

3. Joint Design and Thickness

  • Thicker materials: For welding thick materials, electrodes with deep penetration capabilities (e.g., E6010) are suitable.
  • Thin materials: For thinner sections, low-penetration electrodes like E7018 or GTAW rods can prevent burn-through.

4. Welding Environment

  • Outdoor vs. Indoor: For outdoor welding, where wind can blow away shielding gas, stick welding electrodes like E6010 and E6011 are ideal due to their self-shielding properties.
  • High moisture environments: Electrode coatings must resist moisture absorption to avoid hydrogen-induced cracking. Low-hydrogen electrodes such as E7018 are often used in damp conditions.

5. Mechanical Properties

Consider the mechanical requirements of the welded joint, such as:

  • Tensile strength: The electrode’s tensile strength must match or exceed that of the base material.
  • Impact toughness: In low-temperature applications (e.g., cryogenic pipelines), choose electrodes designed for good toughness, such as E8018-C3 for -50°C service.

Welding Electrodes Selection Guideline Chart

P numbers 1st Base metal 2nd Base metal SMAW-best
GTAW-best		 GMAW-best
FCAW-best		 PWHT
REQ’D		  UNS Notes
A) For matl data info, P & A #’s,,see (Sec 9, QW Art-4,#422)… (For specific matl see ASME Sect 2-A matls)
B) PWHT REQ’D column does  UNS N0t reflect comprehensive heat requirements for all matl, advise further research! (See Sec 8, UCS-56 & UHT-56),,,,,, PreHeat req (See Sec 8 App R)
C) Pink hi-lite means there is missing data and more information is required!
CoCr SA240,Type-304H
(304H SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 ECoCr-A
P1 to P1 SA106, Gr-B
(Carbon Steel SMLS Pipe)		 SA106, Gr-B
(Carbon Steel SMLS Pipe)		 E7018
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1
P1 to P8 SA106, Gr-B
(Carbon Steel SMLS Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP304
(304 SS)		 E309
ER309		 ER309
P1 to P8 SA106, Gr-B
(Carbon Steel SMLS Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP304
(304L SS)		 E309L-15
ER309L
P1 to P8 SA106, Gr-B
(Carbon Steel SMLS Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP316
(316 SS)		 E309-16
ER309
P1 to P4 SA106, Gr-B
(Carbon Steel SMLS Pipe)		 SA335, Gr-P11 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2L		 Y
P1 to P5A SA106, Gr-B
(Carbon Steel SMLS Pipe)		 SA335, Gr-P22 E9018-B3
ER90S-B3L		 Y
P1 to P45 SA106, Gr-B
(Carbon Steel SMLS Pipe)		 SB464, UNS N080xx
(NiCrMo Pipe)		 ER309 Includes alloys 8020, 8024, 8026
P1 to P1 SA106, Gr-B
(Carbon Steel SMLS Pipe)		 SA106, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel SMLS Pipe)		 E7018
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1
P1 to P1 SA178, Gr-A
(Carbon Steel Tubes)		 SA178, Gr-A
(Carbon Steel Tubes)		 E6010
ER70S-2
P1 to P1 SA178, Gr-A
(Carbon Steel Tubes)		 SA178, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Tubes)		 E7018
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1
P1 to P1 SA178, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Tubes)		 SA178, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Tubes)		 E7018
ER70S-6		 ER70S-6
E71T-1
P1 to P1 SA179
Cold-Drawn Low Carbon Steel Tubes		 SA179
Cold-Drawn Low Carbon Steel Tubes		 E7018
ER70S-6		 ER70S-6
E71T-1
P1 to P1 SA181,Cl-60
(Carbon Steel Forgings)		 SA181,Cl-60
(Carbon Steel Forgings)		 E6010
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1
P1 to P1 SA181,Cl-70
(Carbon Steel Forgings)		 SA181,Cl-70
(Carbon Steel Forgings)		 E7018    ER80S-D2 ER80S-D2
E70T-1
P3 to P3 SA182, Gr-F1
(C-1/2Mo, Hi-Temp Service)		 SA182, Gr-F1
(C-1/2Mo, Hi-Temp Service)		 E7018-A1
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E81T1-A1
P8 to P8 SA182, Gr-F10
(310 SS)		 SA182, Gr-F10
(310 SS)		 E310-15
ER310		 ER310 F10  UNS N0t in current Sec. II
P4 to P4 SA182, Gr-F11
(1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Mo)		 SA182, Gr-F11
(1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Mo)		 E8018-CM
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E80T5-B2		 Y
P4 to P4 SA182, Gr-F12
(1 Cr 1/2 Mo)		 SA182, Gr-F12
(1 Cr 1/2 Mo)		 E8018-CM
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E80T5-B2		 Y
P3 to P3 SA182, Gr-F2
(1/2 Cr 1/2 MO)		 SA182, Gr-F2
(1/2 Cr 1/2 Mo)		 E8018-CM
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E80T5-B2
P5A to P5A SA182, Gr-F21
(3 Cr 1Mo)		 SA182, Gr-F21
(3 Cr 1 Mo)		 E9018-B3
ER90S-B3L		 ER90S-B3
E90T5-B3		 Y
P5A to P5A SA182, Gr-F22
(2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo)		 SA182, Gr-F22
(2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo)		 E9018-B3
ER90S-B3L		 ER90S-B3
E90T5-B3		 Y
P8 to P8 SA182, Gr-F304
(304 SS)		 SA182, Gr-F304
(304 SS)		 E308-15
ER308		 ER308
E308T-1
P8 to P8 SA182, Gr-F310
(310 SS)		 SA182, Gr-F310
(310 SS)		 E310-15
ER310		 ER310
P8 to P8 SA182, Gr-F316
(316 SS)		 SA182, Gr-F316
(316 SS)		 E316-15
ER316		 ER316
E316T-1
P8 to P8 SA182, Gr-F316
(316 SS)		 SA249, Gr-TP317
(317 SS)		 E308
ER308		 ER308
E308T-1
P8 to P8 SA182, Gr-F316L
(316L SS)		 SA182, Gr-F316L
(316L SS)		 E316L-15
ER316L		 ER316L
E316LT-1
P8 to P8 SA182, Gr-321
(321 SS)		 SA182, Gr-321
(321 SS)		 E347-15
ER347		 ER347
E347T-1
P8 to P8 SA182, Gr-347
(347 SS)		 SA182, Gr-347
(347 SS)		 E347-15
ER347		 ER347
E347T-1
P8 to P8 SA182, Gr-348
(348 SS)		 SA182, Gr-348
(348 SS)		 E347-15
ER347		 ER347
P7 to P7 SA182, Gr-F430
(17 Cr)		 SA182, Gr-F430
(17 Cr)		 E430-15
ER430		 ER430
P5B to P5B SA182, Gr-F5
(5 Cr 1/2 Mo)		 SA182, Gr-F5
(5 Cr 1/2 Mo)		 E9018-B3
ER80S-B3		 ER80S-B3
E90T1-B3		 Y
P5B to P5B SA182, Gr-F5a
(5 Cr 1/2 Mo)		 SA182, Gr-F5a
(5 Cr 1/2 Mo)		 ER9018-B3
E90S-B3		 ER90S-B3
E90T1-B3		 Y
P6 to P6 SA182, Gr-F6a,C
(13 Cr, Tp410)		 SA182, Gr-F6a,C
(13 Cr, Tp410)		 E410-15
ER410		 ER410
E410T-1
P1 to P1 SA192
(Carbon Steel SMLS Boiler Tubes)		 SA192
(Carbon Steel SMLS Boiler Tubes)		 E6010
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1
P4 to P4 SA199, Gr T11 SA199, Gr T11 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER80S-B2
E80C-B2		 Y SA199 – Deleted spec
P5A to P5A SA199, Gr T21 SA199, Gr T21 E9018-B3
ER90S-B3		 ER90S-B3
E90T5-B3		 Y SA199 – Deleted spec
P5A to P5A SA199, Gr T22 SA199, Gr T22 E9018-B3
ER90S-B3		 ER90S-B3 Y SA199 – Deleted spec
P4 to P4 SA199, Gr T3b SA199, Gr T3b E9018-B3
ER90S-B3		 ER90S-B3
E90C-B3		 Y SA199 – Deleted spec
P5A to P5A SA199, Gr T4 SA199, Gr T4 E9018-B3
ER90S-B3		 ER90S-B3
E90C-B3		 Y SA199 – Deleted spec
P5B to P5B SA199, Gr T5 SA199, Gr T5 E8018-B6-15
ER80S-B6		 ER80S-B6
E8018-B6T-1		 Y SA199 – Deleted spec
P4 to P4 SA202, Gr-A
(Alloy Steel, Cr, Mn, Si)		 SA202, Gr-A
(Alloy Steel, Cr, Mn, Si)		 E7018-A1
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E81T1-A1		 Y
P4 to P4 SA202, Gr-B
(Alloy Steel, Cr, Mn, Si)		 SA202, Gr-B
(Alloy Steel, Cr, Mn, Si)		 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER80S-D2 Y
P9A to P9A SA203, Gr-A
(Alloy Steel, Nickel)		 SA203, Gr-A
(Alloy Steel, Nickel)		 E8018-C1
ER80S-NI2		 ER80S-NI2
E81T1-Ni2
P9A to P9A SA203, Gr-B
(Alloy Steel, Nickel)		 SA203, Gr-B
(Alloy Steel, Nickel)		 E8018-C1
ER80S-NI2		 ER80S-NI2
E81T1-Ni2
P9B to P9B SA203, Gr-D
(Alloy Steel, Nickel)		 SA203, Gr-D
(Alloy Steel, Nickel)		 E8018-C2
ER80S-Ni3		 ER80S-Ni3
P9B to P9B SA203, Gr-E
(Alloy Steel, Nickel)		 SA203, Gr-E
(Alloy Steel, Nickel)		 ER80S-Ni3
ER80S-Ni3		 ER80S-Ni3
P3 to P3 SA204, Gr-A
(Alloy Steel, Molybdenum)		 SA204, Gr-A
(Alloy Steel, Molybdenum)		 E7018-A1
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
P3 to P3 SA204, Gr-B
(Alloy Steel, Molybdenum)		 SA204, Gr-B
(Alloy Steel, Molybdenum)		 E7018-A1
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
P3 to P5B SA204, Gr-B
(Alloy Steel, Molybdenum)		 SA387, Gr-5
(5Cr1/2Mo Plate)		 ER80S-B6 Y
P3 to P43 SA204, Gr-B
(Alloy Steel, Molybdenum)		 SB168, UNS N066xx ENiCrFe-5
ERNiCr-3		 ERNiCr-3 High Nickel/Chrome, need final two digits to determine composition
P3 to P3 SA204, Gr-C
(Alloy Steel, Molybdenum)		 SA204, Gr-C
(Alloy Steel, Molybdenum)		 E10018,M
P3 to P3 SA209, Gr-T1
(C 1/2Mo Boiler Tube)		 SA209, Gr-T1
(C 1/2Mo Boiler Tube)		 E7018
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1
P3 to P3 SA209, Gr-T1a
(C 1/2Mo Boiler Tube)		 SA209, Gr-T1a
(C 1/2Mo Boiler Tube)		 E7018
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1
P3 to P3 SA209, Gr-T1b
(C 1/2Mo Boiler Tube)		 SA209, Gr-T1b
(C 1/2Mo Boiler Tube)		 E7018
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1
P1 to P1 SA210, Gr-C
(Medium CS Boiler Tubes)		 SA210, Gr-C
(Medium CS Boiler Tubes)		 E7018
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1
P4 to P4 SA213, Gr-T11
(1 1/4Cr,1/2Mo Tubes)		 SA213, Gr-T11
(1 1/4CR,1/2Mo Tubes)		 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER80S
E80C-B2		 Y
P4 to P4 SA213, Gr-T12
(1 Cr,1/2Mo Tubes)		 SA213, Gr-T12
(1 CR,1/2Mo Tubes)		 ER80S-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER80S-B2
E80C-B2		 Y
P10B to P10B SA213, Gr-T17
(1 Cr Tubes)		 SA213, Gr-T17
(1 Cr Tubes)		 ER80S-B2
E80C-B2
P3 to P3 SA213, Gr-T2
(1/2 Cr, 1/2Mo Tubes)		 SA213, Gr-T2
(1/2CR, 1/2MO Tubes)		 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER80S-B2
E80C-B2
P5A to P5A SA213, Gr-T21
(3Cr, 1/2Mo Tubes)		 SA213, Gr-T21
(3 CR,1/2Mo Tubes)		 E9018-B3
ER90S-B3		 ER90S-B3
E90T1-B3		 Y
P5A to P5A SA213, Gr-T22
(2 1/4Cr 1Mo Tube)		 SA213, Gr-T22
(2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo Tube)		 E9018-B3
ER90S-B3		 ER90S-B3 Y
P4 to P4 SA213, Gr-T3b SA213, Gr-T3b E9018-B3
ER90S-B3		 ER90S-B3
E90T1-B3		 Y
P5B to P5B SA213, Gr-T5
(5 Cr 1/2 Mo Tube)		 SA213, Gr-T5
(5 Cr 1/2 Mo Tube)		 E8018-B6-15
ER80S-B6		 ER80S-B6
E8018-B6T-1		 Y
P5B to P5B SA213, Gr-T5b
(5 Cr 1/2 Mo Tube)		 SA213, Gr-T5b
(5 Cr 1/2 Mo Tube)		 E8018-B6-15
ER80S-B6		 ER80S-B6
E8018-B6T-1		 Y
P5B to P5B SA213, Gr-T5c
(5 Cr 1/2 Mo Tube)		 SA213, Gr-T5c
(5 Cr 1/2 Mo Tube)		 E8018-B6-15
ER80S-B6		 ER80S-B6
E8018-B6T-1		 Y
P8 to P8 SA213, Gr-TP304
(304 SS Tube)		 SA213, Gr-TP304
(304 SS Tube)		 E308-15
ER308		 ER308
E308T-1
P8 to P8 SA213, Gr-TP304L
(304L SS Tube)		 SA213, Gr-TP304L
(304L SS Tube)		 E308-L-16
ER308L		 ER308L
E308LT-1
P8 to P8 SA213, Gr-TP310
(310 SS Tube)		 SA213, Gr-TP310
(310 SS Tube)		 E310Cb-15
ER310		 ER310
P8 to P8 SA213, Gr-TP316
(316 SS Tube)		 SA213, Gr-TP316
(316 SS Tube)		 E316-16
ER316		 ER316
E316T-1
P8 to P8 SA213, Gr-TP316L
(316L SS Tube)		 SA213, Gr-TP316L
(316L SS Tube)		 E316-16
ER316L		 ER316L
E316LT-1
P8 to P8 SA213, Gr-TP321
(321 SS Tube)		 SA213, Gr-TP321
(321 SS Tube)		 E347-15
ER347		 ER347
E347T-1
P8 to P8 SA213, Gr-TP347
(347 SS Tube)		 SA213, Gr-TP347
(347 SS Tube)		 E347-15
ER347		 ER347
E347T-1
P8 to P8 SA213, Gr-TP348
(348 SS Tube)		 SA213, Gr-TP348
(348 SS Tube)		 E347-15
ER347		 ER347
P1 to P1 SA214
(Carbon Steel RW Tubes)		 SA214
(Carbon Steel RW Tubes)		 E7018-A1
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
P1 to P1 SA216, Gr-WCA
(C.S Hi-Temp Casting)		 SA216, Gr-WCA
(C.S Hi-Temp Casting)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P1 SA216, Gr-WCB
(C.S Hi-Temp Casting)		 SA216, Gr-WCB
(C.S Hi-Temp Casting)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P1 SA216, Gr-WCC
(C.S Hi-Temp Casting)		 SA216, Gr-WCC
(C.S Hi-Temp Casting)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P6 to P6 SA217, Gr-CA15
(13Cr1/2Mo Hi-Temp Casting)		 SA217, Gr-CA15
(13Cr1/2Mo Hi-Temp Casting)		 E410-15
ER410		 ER410
ER410T-1
P3 to P3 SA217, Gr-WC1
(C1/2Mo Hi-Temp Casting)		 SA217, Gr-WC1
(C1/2Mo Hi-Temp Casting)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-6
E70T-1
P4 to P4 SA217, Gr-WC4
(NiCrMo Hi-Temp Casting)		 SA217, Gr-WC4
(NiCrMo Hi-Temp Casting)		 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER80S-B2
E80C-B2		 Y
P4 to P4 SA217, Gr-WC5
(NiCrMo Hi-Temp Casting)		 SA217, Gr-WC5
(NiCrMo Hi-Temp Casting)		 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER80S-B2 E80C
B2		 Y
P5A to P5A SA217, Gr-WC9
(CrMo Hi-Temp Casting)		 SA217, Gr-WC9
(CrMo Hi-Temp Casting)		 E9018-B3
ER90S-B3		 ER90S-B3 E90C
B3		 Y
P10A to P10A SA225, Gr-C
(MnVaNi Plate)		 SA225, Gr-C
(MnVaNi Plate)		 E11018-M E11018-M
P10A to P10A SA225, Gr-D
(MnVaNi Plate)		 SA225, Gr-D
(MnVaNi Plate)		 E8018-C3
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E81T1-Ni2
P1 to P1 SA226
(Carbon Steel RW Tubes)		 SA226
(Carbon Steel RW Tubes)		 E7018
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1		 SA 226 deleted from ASME Sect. II
P3 to P3 SA234, Gr-WP1
(C1/2Mo Pipe Fittings)		 SA234, Gr-WP1
(C1/2Mo Pipe Fittings)		 E7018
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1
P4 to P4 SA234, Gr-WP11
(1 1/4Cr1/2Mo Pipe Fittings)		 SA234, Gr-WP11
(1 1/4Cr1/2Mo Pipe Fittings)		 E8018-B1
ER80S-B2		 ER80S-B2
E80C-B2		 Y
P5A to P5A SA234, Gr-WP22
(2 1/4Cr1Mo Pipe Fittings)		 SA234, Gr-WP22
(2 1/4Cr1Mo Pipe Fittings)		 ER90S-B3
ER90S-B3		 ER90S-B3
E90C-B3		 Y
P5B to P5B SA234, Gr-WP5
(5Cr1/2Mo Pipe Fittings)		 SA234, Gr-WP5
(5Cr1/2Mo Pipe Fittings)		 E8018-B6-15
ER80S-B6		 ER80S-B6
E8018-B6T-1		 Y
P1 to P1 SA234, Gr-WPB
(CrMo Pipe Fittings)		 SA234, Gr-WPB
(CrMo Pipe Fittings)		 E6010
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1
P1 to P1 SA234, Gr-WPC
(CrMo Pipe Fittings)		 SA234, Gr-WPC
(CrMo Pipe Fittings)		 E6010
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1
P8 to P8 SA240,Type-302
(302 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-302
(302 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E308-15
ER308		 ER308
E308T-1
P8 to P8 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E308-16
ER308		 ER308
E308T-1
P8 to P42 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SB127, UNS N04400
(63Ni30Cu Plate)		 ENiCrFe-3
ERNiCr-3		 ERNiCr-3
P8 to P41 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SB162, UNS N02200,
2201   (Nickel-99%)		 Eni-1 ERNi-1
P8 to P43 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SB168, UNS N066xx ENiCrFe-5
ERNiCr-3		 ERNiCr-3 Multiple 6600 series alloys, need more info
P8 to P44 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SB333, UNS N10001
(Nickel Molybdenum Plate)		 ERNiMo-7
P8 to P45 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SB409, UNS N088xx
(NiFeCr Plate)		 ENiCrFe-3
ERNiCr-3		 Includes alloys 8800, 8810, 8811
P8 to P43 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SB435, UNS N06002
(NiFeCr Plate)		 ENiCrMo-2
P8 to P8 SA240,Type-304H
(304H SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-304H
(304H SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E308H-16 ER308
E308T-1
P8 to P9B SA240,Type-304L
(304L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA203, Gr-E
(Alloy Steel, Nickel Plate)		 ENiCrFe-3
P8 to P8 SA240,Type-304L
(304L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-304L
(304L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E308L-16
ER308L		 ER308L
E308T-1
P8 to P1 SA240,Type-304L
(304L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA516, Gr-60
(Carbon Steel)		 ER309L
P8 to P45 SA240,Type-304L
(304L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SB625, UNS N089xx
(NiCrMoCu Plate)		 ENiCrMo-3 Multiple 8900 series alloys, need more info
P8 to P8 SA240,Type-309S
(309S Heat-resistant SS Plate)		 SA240,Type 309S
(309S Heat-resistant SS Plate)		 E309
ER309		 ER309
P8 to P8 SA240,Type-316
(316 Heat-resistant SS Plate)		 SA240,Type 316
(316 Heat-resistant SS Plate)		 E316-16
ER316
P8 to P43 SA240,Type-316
(316 Heat-resistant SS Plate)		 SB168, UNS N066xx ENiCrFe-5
ERNiCr-3		 ERNiCr-3 Multiple 6600 series alloys, need more info
P8 to P45 SA240,Type-316
(316 Heat-resistant SS Plate)		 SB409, UNS N088xx
(NiFeCr Plate)		 ENiCrFe-2 Includes alloys 8800, 8810, 8811
P8 to P8 SA240,Type-316L
(316L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-316L
(316L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E316L-16
ER316L		 ER316L
E316LT-1
P8 to P43 SA240,Type-316L
(316L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SB168, UNS N066xx ENiCrFe-3 Multiple 6600 series alloys, need more info
P8 to P45 SA240,Type-316L
(316L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SB463, UNS N080xx
(NiCrMo Plate)		 ERNiMo-3 Includes alloys 8020, 8024, 8026
P8 to P8 SA240,Type-317
(317 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-317
(317 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E317
P8 to P8 SA240,Type-317L
(317L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-317L
(317L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E317L -15
ER317L		 ER317L
E317LT-1
P8 to P8 SA240,Type-321
(321 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-321
(321 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E347
ER347		 ER347
P8 to P8 SA240,Type-347
(347 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-347
(347 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E347
ER317		 ER347
P8 to P8 SA240,Type-348
(348 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-348
(348 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E347-15
ER347		 ER347
P7 to P7 SA240,Type-405
(405 Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-405
(405  Heat-resistant Plate)		 E410
ER410		 ER410
P6 to P8 SA240,Type-410
(410 Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-304L
(304L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309L-16
P6 to P7 SA240,Type-410
(410 Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-405
(405 Heat-resistant Plate)		 E410
ER410		 ER410
P6 to P6 SA240,Type-410
(410 Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-410
(410 Heat-resistant Plate)		 R410
ER410		 ER410
P6 to P7 SA240,Type-410
(410 Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-410S
(410S Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309-16
P7 to P7 SA240,Type-410S
(410S Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-410S
(410S Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309
ER309		 ER309
E309LT-1
P7 to P7 SA240,Type-430
(430 Heat-resistant Plate)		 SA240,Type-430
(430 Heat-resistant Plate)		 E430-15
ER430		 ER430
P8 to P8 SA249, Gr-316L
(316L Tubes)		 SA249, Gr-316L
(316L Tubes)		 E316L-15
ER316L		 ER316L
E316LT-1
P8 to P8 SA249, Gr-TP304
(304 Tubes)		 SA249, Gr-TP304
(304 Tubes)		 E308
ER308		 ER308
E308T-1
P8 to P8 SA249, Gr-TP304L
(304L Tubes)		 SA249, Gr-TP304L
(304L Tubes)		 E308L
ER308L		 ER308L
E308LT-1
P8 to P8 SA249, Gr-TP309
(309 Tubes)		 SA249, Gr-TP309
(309 Tubes)		 E309-15
ER309		 ER309
E309T-1
P8 to P8 SA249, Gr-TP310
(310 Tubes)		 SA249, Gr-TP317
(317 Tubes)		 E317
ER317Cb		 ER317Cb
P8 to P8 SA249, Gr-TP310
(310 Tubes)		 SA249, Gr-TP310
(310 Tubes)		 E310
ER310		 ER310
P8 to P8 SA249, Gr-TP316
(316 Tubes)		 SA249, Gr-TP316
(316 Tubes)		 E316
ER316		 ER316
P8 to P8 SA249, Gr-TP316H
(316H Tubes)		 SA249, Gr-TP316H
(316H Tubes)		 E316-15
ER316		 ER316
E316T-1
P8 to P8 SA249, Gr-316L
(316L Tubes)		 SA249, Gr-316L
(316L Tubes)		 E316L
ER316L		 ER316L
E316LT-1
P8 to P8 SA249, Gr-TP317
(317 Tubes)		 SA249, Gr-TP317
(317 Tubes)		 E317
P8 to P8 SA249, Gr-TP321
(321 Tubes)		 SA249, Gr-TP321
(321 Tubes)		 E347
ER347		 ER347
P8 to P8 SA249, Gr-TP347
(347 Tubes)		 SA249, Gr-TP347
(347 Tubes)		 E347
ER347		 ER347
P8 to P8 SA249, Gr-TP348
(348 Tubes)		 SA249, Gr TP348 E347-15
ER347		 ER347
P1 to P1 SA266,Class-1,2,3
(Carbon Steel Forgings)		 SA266,Class-1,2,3
(Carbon Steel Forgings)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-5
E70T-1
P7 to P7 SA268, Gr-TP430
(430 General Purpose Tubing)		 SA268, Gr-TP430
(430 General Purpose Tubing)		 E430-15
ER430		 ER430
P1 to P1 SA283, Gr-A
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA283, Gr-A
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E7014
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P1 SA283, Gr-B
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA283, Gr-B
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E7014
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P8 SA283, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 ER309L
P1 to P1 SA283, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA283, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E7014
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P1 SA283, Gr-D
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA283, Gr-D
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E7014
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P1 SA285, Gr-A
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA285, Gr-A
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-6		 ER70S-6
E71T-1
P1 to P42 SA285, Gr-A
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB127, UNS N04400
(63Ni30Cu Plate)		 ENiCu-7
P1 to P1 SA285, Gr-B
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA285, Gr-B
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-6		 ER70S-6
E71T-1
P1 to P8 SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309       ER309 ER309
P1 to P8 SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240,Type-31
(316 Heat-resistant SS Plate)		 E309
ER309		 ER309
P1 to P8 SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240,Type-316L
(316L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 ENiCrFe-3 E316LT-1
P1 to P1 SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-6		 ER70S-6
E71T-1
P1 to P5A SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA387, Gr-22,
(2 1/4Cr Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-6		 ER70S-6
E71T-1		 Y
P1 to P5A SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA387, Gr-22,
(2 1/4Cr Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-6		 ER70S-6
E71T-1		 Y
P1 to P42 SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB127, UNS N04400
(NiCu Plate)		 ENiCu-7
P1 to P41 SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB162, UNS N02200,
2201 (Nickel-99%)		 Eni-1
ERNi-1		 ER1T-1
P1 to P43 SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB168, UNS N066xx ERNiCr-3 Multiple 6600 series alloys, need more info
P1 to P45 SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB409, UNS N088xx
(NiFeCr Plate)		 ENiCrFe-2
ERNiCr-3		 ERNiCr-3 Includes alloys 8800, 8810, 8811
P1 to P45 SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB463, UNS N080xx
(NiCrMo Plate)		 E320-15 Includes alloys 8020, 8024, 8026
P1 to P44 SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB575, UNS N10276
(Low Carbon NiMoCrW Plate)		 ENiCrFe-2
P3 to P3 SA285, Gr-C
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA302, Gr-C
(Alloy Steel Plate MnMoNi)		 E9018-M E91T1-K2
P8 to P8 SA312, Gr-TP304
(304 Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP304
(304 Pipe)		 E308-15
ER308		 ER308
E308T-1
P8 to P1 SA312, Gr-TP304
(304 Pipe)		 SA53, Gr-B,-ERW
Carbon Steel Pipe)
P8 to P45 SA312, Gr-TP304
(304 Pipe)		 SB464, UNS N080xx
(NiCrMo Pipe)		 ENiCrMo-3
ER320		 Includes alloys 8020, 8024, 8026
P8 to P8 SA312, Gr-TP304H
(304H Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP304H
(304H Pipe)		 E308H-16
ER308H
P8 to P8 SA312, Gr-TP304L
(304L Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP304L
(304L Pipe)		 E308L   ER308L ER308L
P8 to P8 SA312, Gr-TP309
(309 Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP309
(309 Pipe)		 E309-15  ER309 ER309
E309T-1
P8 to P8 SA312, Gr-TP310
(310 Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP310
(310 Pipe)		 E310-15  ER310 ER310
P8 to P8 SA312, Gr-TP316
(316 Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP316
(316 Pipe)		 E316
ER316		 ER316
P8 to P8 SA312, Gr-TP316L
(316L Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP316L
(316L Pipe)		 E316L
ER316L		 ER316L
E316LT-1
P8 to P8 SA312, Gr-TP317
(317 Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP317
(317 Pipe)		 E317-15  ER317 ER317
P8 to P8 SA312, Gr-TP321
(321 Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP321
(321 Pipe)		 E347-15  ER347 ER347
E347T-1
P8 to P8 SA312, Gr-TP347
(347 Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP347
(347 Pipe)		 E347-15  ER347 ER347
E347T-1
P8 to P8 SA312, Gr-TP348
(348 Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP348
(348 Pipe)		 E347-15
ER347		 ER347
P1 to P8 SA333, Gr-1
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 ER309
P1 to P1 SA333, Gr-1
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA333, Gr-1
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 E8018-C3
ER80S-NiL		 ER80S-NiL
P9B to P9B SA333, Gr-3
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA333, Gr-3
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 E8018-C2
ER80S-Ni3
P4 to P4 SA333, Gr-4
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA333, Gr-4
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 E8018-C2
ER80S-Ni3		 ER80S-NI3
E80C-Ni3		 Y
P1 to P8 SA333, Gr-6
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA312, Gr-TP304
(304 SS Pipe)		 E309
ER309
P1 to P8 SA333, Gr-6
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA312, Gr-TP304L
(304L SS Pipe)
P1 to P8 SA333, Gr-6
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA312, Gr-TP316
(316 SS Pipe)		 ER309-16
ER309
P1 to P8 SA333, Gr-6
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA312, Gr-TP316L
(316L SS Pipe)		 ER309
P1 to P1 SA333, Gr-6
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA333, Gr-6
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 E8018-C3
ER80S-NiL		 ER80S-NiL
P1 to P1 SA333, Gr-6
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA350, Gr-LF2
(Low Alloy Forgings)		 E7018-1
ER70S-1
P1 to P8 SA333, Gr-6
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA358, Gr-316L
(316L EFW Pipe)		 ER309L
P1 to P1 SA333, Gr-6
(Carbon Steel Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-2		 Y
P3 to P3 SA335, Gr-P1
(C1 1/2Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 SA335, Gr-P1
(C1 1/2Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 E7018-A1
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
P4 to P8 SA335, Gr-P11
(1 1/4Cr1/2Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 SA312, Gr-TP304
(304 SS Pipe)		 ER309
P4 to P4 SA335, Gr-P11
(1 1/4Cr1/2Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 SA335, Gr-P11
(1 1/4Cr1/2Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER80S-B2 Y
P4 to P5A SA335, Gr-P11
(1 1/4Cr1/2Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 SA335, Gr-P22
(2 1/4Cr1Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER80S-B2 Y
P3 to P3 SA335, Gr-P2
(1/2Cr1/2Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 SA335, Gr-P2
(1/2Cr1/2Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER80S-B2
P5A to P5A SA335, Gr-P22
(2 1/4Cr1Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 SA335, Gr-P22
(2 1/4Cr1Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 E9018-B3
ER90S-B3		 ER90S-B3 Y
P5B to P6 SA335, Gr-P5
(5Cr1/2Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 SA268, Gr TP410 E410-16
ER410
P5B to P5B SA335, Gr-P5
(5Cr1/2Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 SA335, Gr-P5
(5Cr1/2Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 E8018-B6
ER80S-B6		 ER80S-B6 Y
P5B to P5B SA335, Gr-P9
(9Cr1Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 SA335, Gr-P9
(9Cr1Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 E8018-B8l Y
P5B to P5B SA335, Gr-P91
(9Cr1Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 SA335, Gr-P91
(9Cr1Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 Y
P3 to P3 SA352, Gr-LC1
(Steel Castings for Low-Temp Service)		 SA352, Gr-LC1
(Steel  Castings for Low-Temp Service)		 E7018-A1
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
P9A to P9A SA352, Gr-LC2
(NiCrMo Castings for Low-Temp Service)		 SA352, Gr-LC2
(NiCrMo Castings for Low-Temp Service)		 E8018-C1
ER80S-Ni2		 ER80S-Ni2
E80C-Ni2
P9B to P9B SA352, Gr-LC3
(3-1/2%-Ni Castings for Low-Temp Service)		 SA352, Gr-LC3
(3-1/2%-Ni Castings for Low-Temp Service)		 E8018-C2
ER80S-Ni2		 ER80S-Ni2
E80C-Ni3
P8 to P8 SA358, Gr-304
(304 SS EFW Pipe)		 SA358, Gr-304
(304 SS EFW Pipe)		 E308-15  ER308 ER308
E308T-1
P8 to P8 SA358, Gr-304L
(304L SS EFW Pipe)		 SA358, Gr-304L
(304L SS EFW Pipe)		 E308L-15
ER308L		 ER308L
E308LT-1
P8 to P8 SA358, Gr-309
(309 SS EFW Pipe)		 SA358, Gr-309
(309 SS EFW Pipe)		 E309-15  ER309 ER309
E309T-1
P8 to P8 SA358, Gr-310
(310 SS EFW Pipe)		 SA358, Gr-310
(310 SS EFW Pipe)		 E310-15  ER310 ER310
P8 to P8 SA358, Gr-316
(316 SS EFW Pipe)		 SA358, Gr-316
(316 SS EFW Pipe)		 E316-15  ER316 ER316
E316T-1
P8 to P8 SA358, Gr-316L
(316L SS EFW Pipe)		 SA358, Gr-316L
(316L SS EFW Pipe)		 ER316L E316LT-1
P8 to P8 SA358, Gr-321
(321 SS EFW Pipe)		 SA358, Gr-321
(321 SS EFW Pipe)		 E347-15  ER347 ER347
E347T-1
P8 to P8 SA358, Gr-348
(348 SS EFW Pipe)		 SA358, Gr-348
(348 SS EFW Pipe)		 E347-15  ER347 ER347
P1 to P8 SA36
(Carbon Structural Steel)		 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E 309
ER309		 ER309
P1 to P8 SA36
(Carbon Structural Steel)		 SA240,Type-304L
(304L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 ER309L
P1 to P6 SA36
(Carbon Structural Steel)		 SA240,Type-410
(410 Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309L-16
P1 to P1 SA36
(Carbon Structural Steel)		 SA36
(Carbon Structural Steel)		 E7014
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P3 SA36
(Carbon Structural Steel)		 SA533,Type-B,
(MnMoNi Plate)		 E7018 ER70S-6 Y
P1 to P31 SA36
(Carbon Structural Steel)		 SB152, UNS C10200
(Copper Plate		 ERCuSi-A
P1 to P45 SA36
(Carbon Structural Steel)		 SB625, UNS N089xx
(25/20 NiCr Plate)		 E309-16 Includes 8904, 8925, 8926, 8932
P3 to P3 SA369, Gr-FP1
(C-1/2Mo Forged or bored Pipe)		 SA369, Gr-FP1
(C-1/2Mo Forged or bored Pipe)		 E7018-A1
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E81T1-A1
P4 to P4 SA369, Gr-FP11
(1 1/4Cr-1/2Mo Forged or bored Pipe)		 SA369, Gr-FP11
(1 1/4Cr-1/2Mo Forged or bored Pipe)		 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER80S-B2 E80C-B2 Y
P4 to P4 SA369, Gr-FP12
(1Cr-1/2Mo Forged or bored Pipe)		 SA369, Gr-FP12
(1Cr-1/2Mo Forged or bored Pipe)		 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER8S-B2
E80C-B2		 Y
P3 to P3 SA369, Gr-FP2
(CrMo Forged or bored Pipe)		 SA369, Gr-FP2
(CrMo Forged or bored Pipe)		 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER8S-B2
E80C-B2
P8 to P8 SA376, Gr-TP304
(304 SS SMLS Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 SA376, Gr-TP304
(304 SS SMLS Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 ER308
P4 to P8 SA387, Gr-11,
(1 1/4Cr1/2Mo Plate)		 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309
ER309		 ER309
P4 to P4 SA387, Gr-11,
(1 1/4Cr1/2Mo Plate)		 SA387, Gr-11,
(1 1/4 Cr 1/2Mo Plate)		 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER80S-B2
E81T1-B2		 Y
P4 to P8 SA387, Gr-11,
(1 1/4Cr1/2Mo Plate)		 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309
ER309		 ER309
P4 to P8 SA387, Gr-11,
(1 1/4Cr1/2Mo Plate)		 SA240,Type-316
(316 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309Cb-15
P4 to P7 SA387, Gr-11,
(1 1/4Cr1/2Mo Plate)		 SA240,Type-410S
(410S Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309-16
P4 to P4 SA387, Gr-11,
(1 1/4Cr1/2Mo Plate)		 SA387, Gr-11,
(1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Mo Plate)		 E8018-B2
ER80S-B2		 ER80S-B2 Y
P5A to P8 SA387, Gr-11,
(1 1/4Cr1/2Mo Plate)		 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 ENiCrMo-3
P5A to P5A SA387, Gr-22                        (2
1/4Cr1Mo Plate)		 SA387, Gr-22
(2 1/4Cr1Mo Plate)		 E9018-B3
ER90S-B3		 ER90S-B3 Y
P5B to P8 SA387, Gr-5,
(5Cr1/2Mo  Plate)		 SA240,Type-316L
(316L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309
ER309		 ER309
P5B to P5B SA387, Gr-5,
(5Cr1/2Mo  Plate)		 SA387, Gr-5,
(5Cr1/2Mo  Plate)		 E8018-B6
ER80S-B6		 ER80S-B6 Y
P5B to P8 SA387, Gr-5,
(5Cr1/2Mo  Plate)		 SA240,Type-316L
(316L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309
ER309		 ER309
P5B to P7 SA387, Gr-5,
(5Cr1/2Mo  Plate)		 SA240,Type-410S
(410S Heat-resistant Plate)		 ENiCrFe-2
P5B to P5B SA387, Gr-5,
(5Cr1/2Mo  Plate)		 SA387, Gr-5,
(5Cr1/2Mo  Plate)		 E8018-B6
ER80S-B6		 ER80S-B6
P8 to P8 SA409, Gr-TP304
(304 SS large Dia. Pipe)		 SA312, Gr-TP347
(347 Pipe)		 E308
ER308		 ER308
E308T-1
P1 to P1 SA414, Gr-G
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA414, Gr-G
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E6012
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P45 SA515, Gr-60
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB409, UNS N088xx
(NiFeCr Plate)		 Eni-1 Includes alloys 8800, 8810, 8811
P1 to P3 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA204, Gr-B
(Alloy Steel, Molybdenum)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P8 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240,Type-316L
(316L Heat-resistant SS Plate)
P1 to P1 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P41 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB162, UNS N02200, 2201
(Nickel-99%)		 ERNi-1
P1 to P43 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB168, UNS N066xx ENiCrFe-3 Multiple 6600 series alloys, need more info
P1 to P1 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 ER70S-2 ER70S-3
P1 to P1 SA515, Gr-55
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-2		 E71T-1
P1 to P8 SA515, Gr-60
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240,Type-304L
(304L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309-16
P1 to P7 SA515, Gr-60
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240,Type-410S
(410S Heat-resistant Plate)		 ER309L
P1 to P1 SA515, Gr-60
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA515, Gr-60
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E7018 ER70S-3
P1 to P1 SA515, Gr-60
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E7018-1
ER70S-2		 E71T-1
P1 to P1 SA515, Gr-60
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 E8010-G
P1 to P1 SA515, Gr-65
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 E8010-G
P1 to P9B SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA203, Gr-D
(Alloy Steel, Nickel Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P9B SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA203, Gr-E
(Alloy Steel, Nickel Plate)		 E8018-C2
P1 to P3 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA203, Gr-B
(Alloy Steel, Nickel Plate)		 E7018-
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P3 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA203, Gr-C
(Alloy Steel, Nickel Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P10H SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240, Gr S31803 E309LMo Gr S31803  UNS N0t in current SectII
P1 to P10H SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240, Gr S32550 ENiCrFe-3 Gr S32550  UNS N0t in current SectII
P1 to P8 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240,Type-304
(304 SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309-16
ER309		 E309T-1
P1 to P8 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240,Type-304H
(304H SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 ENiCrFe-2
P1 to P8 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240, Gr-304L
(304L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 E309L-16 ER309L
E309LT-1
P1 to P8 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240,Type-316L
(316L SS Heat-resistant Plate)		 ERNiCrFe-3 E309LT-1
P1 to P7 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA240,Type-410S
(410S Heat-resistant Plate)		 E410-16
P1 to P3 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA302, Gr-C
(Alloy Steel Plate MnMoNi)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P4 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA387SA387, Gr-22
(2 1/4Cr Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1		 Y
P1 to P5A SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA387, Gr-22
(2 1/4Cr1Mo Plate)		 E9018-B3 Y
P1 to P5B SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA387, Gr-5
(5Cr1/2Mo Plate)		 E8018-B1 Y
P1 to P1 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E7018
P1 to P1 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1
P1 to P42 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB127, UNS N04400
(63Ni30Cu Plate)		 ENiCrFe-2
P1 to P41 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB162, UNS N02200, N02201
(Nickel-99%)		 Eni-1 ERNi-1
P1 to P41 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB163, UNS N02200, N02201
(Nickel-99%)		 ENiCrFe-3
P1 to P44 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB333, UNS UNS N0.-N1000
(NiMo Plate)		 ENiCrFe-2 Includes N10001, N10629, N10665, N10675
P1 to P45 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB409, UNS N088xx
(NiFeCr Plate)		 ENiCrFe-2 Includes alloys 8800, 8810,
8811
P1 to P45 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB424, UNS N08821, 8825
(NiFeCrMoCu Plate)		 ENiCrMo-3
P1 to P45 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB425, UNS N08821, 8825
(NiFeCrMoCu  Rod & Bar)		 ERNiCrMo-3
P1 to P45 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB463, UNS N080xx
(NiCrMo Plate)		 ENiCrMo-3 E309LT-1 Includes alloys 8020, 8024,
8026
P1 to P44 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB574, UNS N10276
(Low Carbon NiMoCrW Rod)		 ENiCrMo-4
P1 to P44 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB575, UNS N060xx ENiCrMo-1 Multiple N60XX specs. Need
moreinformation
P1 to P44 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB575, UNS N10276
(Low Carbon NiMoCrW Plate)		 ERNiCrFe-2
ERNiCrMo-10
P1 to P45 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB625, UNS N089xx
(NiCrMoCu Plate)		 Multiple 8900 series alloys, need more info
P1 to P45 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 SB688, UNS N08366, N08367
(CrNiMoFe Plate)		 ENiCrMo-3
P1 to P1 SA53, Gr-A,-ERW
(Carbon Steel Pipe)		 SA53, Gr-B,-ERW
(Carbon Steel Pipe)		 E7018
ER70S-2
P1 to P5A SA53, Gr-B,-ERW
(Carbon Steel Pipe)		 SA335, Gr-P22
(2 1/4Cr1Mo Pipe for Hi-Temp Service)		 E6010
ER80S-D2		 ER80S-D2
E70T-1		 Y
P1 to P1 SA53, Gr-B,-ERW
(Carbon Steel Pipe)		 SA53, Gr-B,-ERW
(Carbon Steel Pipe)		 E6010
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E71T-1
P1 to P1 SA53, Gr-B,-ERW
(Carbon Steel Pipe)		 SA53, Gr-B,-Seamless
(Carbon Steel Pipe)		 E6010
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E71T-1
P1 to P3 SA533,Type-A
(MnMo  Plate)		 SA533,Type-A
(MnMo Plate)		 E11018-M E110T5-K4 Y
P1 to P9B SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 SA203, Gr-E
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E8018-C2
ER80S-Ni3		 ER80S-Ni3 Y
P1 to P1 SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 SA533,Type-A
(MnMo Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1		 Y
P1 to P1 SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70T-1		 Y
P1 to P42 SA533,Type-A
(MnMo Plate)		 SB127, UNS N04400
(NiCu Plate)		 ENiCu-7
P1 to P9B SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 SA203, Gr-E
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E8018-C2
ER80S-Ni3		 ER80S-Ni3 Y
P1 to P9B SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 SA203, Gr-E
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E8018-C2
ER80S-Ni3		 ER80S-Ni3 Y
P1 to P1 SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 E10018-M Y
P1 to P1 SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 E10018-M
ER100S-1		 ER100S-1
E100T-K3		 Y
P1 to P9B SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 SA203, Gr-E
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 E8018-C2
ER80S-Ni3		 ER80S-Ni3 Y
P1 to P1 SA541, Gr1
(Carbon Steel Forgings)		 SA537,Cl.-1<=2-1/2″
(CMnSi Steel, Heat-treated Plate)		 E7018
ER70S-3		 ER70S-3
E70S-3		 Y
P5C to P5C SA542,Type-A
(2 1/4Cr1Mo Plate)		 SA542,Type-A
(2 1/4Cr1Mo Plate)		 E9018-B3
ER90S-B3		 ER90S-B3 Y
P10C to P10C SA612
(Carbon Steel for Low-Temp Service)		 SA612
(Carbon Steel for Low-Temp Service)		 ER80S-D2 ER80S-D2
E110T5-K4
P1 to P1 SA671, GrCC65
(Carbon Steel, Killed, Fine Grain, EFW Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA515, Gr-70
(Carbon Steel Plate)		 ER80S-D2
P1 to P1 SA671, GrCC70
(Carbon Steel, Killed, Fine Grain, EFW Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 SA671, GrCC70
(Carbon Steel, Killed, Fine Grain, EFW Pipe for Low-Temp Service)		 E6010
P42 to P42 SB127, UNS N04400
(63Ni30Cu Plate)		 SB127, UNS N04400
(63Ni30Cu Plate)		 ENiCu-7
ERNiCu-7		 ERNiCu-7
P42 to P43 SB127, UNS N04400
(63Ni30Cu Plate)		 SB168, UNS N066XX ENiCrFe-3 High Nickel/Chrome, need final two digits to determine composition
P35 to P35 SB148, UNS C952 SB148, UNS C952XX ERCuAl-A2
P41 to P41 SB160, UNS N02200,
N02201  (99% Ni Rod & Bar)		 SB160, UNS N02200,
N02201  (99% Ni Rod & Bar)		 ENi-1
ERNi-1		 ERNi-1
P41 to P41 SB161, UNS N02200, N02201
(99% Ni SMLS Pipe)		 SB161, UNS N02200, N02201
(99% Ni SMLS Pipe)		 ENi-1         ERNi-1 ERNi-1
P41 to P41 SB162, UNS N02200, N02201
(99% Ni Plate)		 SB162, UNS N02200, N02201
(99% Ni Plate)		 ENi-1
ERNi-1
P42 to P42 SB165, UNS N04400
(63Ni28Cu SMLS Pipe)		 SB165, UNS N04400
(63Ni28Cu SMLS Pipe)		 ENiCu-7
ERNiCu-7
P43 to P43 SB168, UNS N066xx SB168, UNS N066xx ENiCrFe-5
ERNiCrFe-5		 ERNiCrFe-5 High Nickel/Chrome, need final two digits to determine composition
P43 to P43 SB168, UNS N066xx SB168, UNS N066xx High Nickel/Chrome, need final two digits to determine composition
P34 to P34 SB171, UNS C70600
(90Cu10Ni Plate)		 SB171, UNS C70600
(90Cu10Ni Plate)		 ECuNi
P34 to P34 SB171, UNS C71500
(70Cu30Ni Plate)		 SB171, UNS C71500
(70Cu30Ni Plate)		 ERCuNi
ERCuNi		 ERCuNi
P21 to P21 SB209,Alclad-3003
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 SB209,Alclad-3003
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 ER4043
P21 to P22 SB209,Alclad-3003
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 SB209,Alclad-3004
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 ER5654
P23 to P25 SB209-6061
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 SB209-5456
(95Al,5Mn Plate)		 x
P21 to P21 SB209,Alclad-3003
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 SB209,Alclad-3003
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 ER4043 x
P22 to P22 SB209,Alclad-3004
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 SB209,Alclad-3004
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 ER4043 x
P22 to P22 SB209,Alclad-3004
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 SB209,Alclad-3004
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 ER5654 x
P22 to P23 SB209,Alclad-3004
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 SB209-6061
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 ER5654
P25 to P25 SB209-5456
(95Al,5Mn Plate)		 SB209-5456
(95Al,5Mn Plate)		 ER5183 x
P23 to P23 SB209-6061
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 SB209-6061
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 ER4043 x
P21 to P22 SB210,Alclad-3003
(99% Aluminum SMLS Tube)		 SB209,Alclad-3004
(99% Aluminum Plate)		 ER5356
P21 to P22 SB210,Alclad-3003
(99% Aluminum SMLS Tube)		 SB210-5052-5154
(Al,Mn SMLS Tube)		 ER5356
P23 to P23 SB210-6061/6063
(99% Aluminum SMLS Pipe)		 SB210-6061/6063
(99% Aluminum SMLS Pipe)		 ER5356
P25 to P25 SB241-5083,5086,5456
(Al,Mn SMLS extruded Pipe)		 SB241-5083,5086,5456
(Al,Mn SMLS extruded Pipe)		 ER5183 ER5183
P51 to P51 SB265, Grade-2
(Unalloyed Titanium Plate)		 SB265, Grade-2
(Unalloyed Titanium Plate)		 ERTi-1
P44 to P44 SB333, UNS UNS N0.-N10xxx
(NiMo Plate)		 SB333, UNS UNS N0.-N10xxx
(NiMo Plate)		 ENiMo-7
ERNiMo-7		 ERNiMo-7 Includes N10001, N10629, N10665, N10675
P45 to P45 SB409, UNS N088xx
(NiFeCr Plate)		 SB409, UNS N088xx
(NiFeCr Plate)		 ERNiCr-3
ERNiCr-3		 ERNiCr-3 Includes alloys 8800, 8810, 8811
P45 to P45 SB423, UNS N08825
(NiFeCrMoCu SMLS Pipe)		 SB423, UNS N08825
(NiFeCrMoCu SMLS Pipe)		 ERNiCrMo-3
P45 to P45 SB424, UNS N08825
(NiFeCrMoCu Plate)		 SB424, UNS N08825
(NiFeCrMoCu Plate)		 ERNiCrMo-3 ERNiCrMo-3
P32 to P32 SB43, UNS C2300
(Red Brass SMLS Pipe)		 SB43, UNS C2300
(Red Brass SMLS Pipe)		 ERCuSi-A
P45 to P45 SB463, UNS N080xx
(NiCrMo Plate)		 SB625, UNS N089xx
(NiCrMoCu Plate)		 ENiCrMo-3 SB625-Multiple 8900 series- alloys, need more info
SB 463-Includes alloys 8020, 8024, 8026
P45 to P45 SB463, UNS N080xx
(NiCrMo Plate)		 SB463, UNS N080xx
(NiCrMo Plate)		 E320-15  ER320 Includes alloys 8020, 8024, 8026
P45 to P45 SB464, UNS N08020-Annealed
(NiCrCuMo Pipe)		 SB464, UNS N08020-Annealed
(NiCrCuMo Pipe)		 ERNiCrMo-3
P34 to P34 SB466, UNS C70600
(90Cu10Ni Pipe)		 SB466, UNS C70600
(90Cu10Ni Pipe)		 ERCuNi
P44 to P44 SB574, UNS N10276
(Low Carbon NiMoCrW Rod)		 SB574, UNS N10276
(Low Carbon NiMoCrW Rod)		 ERNiCrMo-4
P44 to P45 SB575, UNS N060xx SB464, UNS N08020-Annealed
(NiCrCuMo Pipe)		 ERNiCrMo-4
P44 to P44 SB575, UNS N060xx SB575, UNS N060 ENiCrMo-4
ERNiCrMo-4		 Multiple N60XX specs. Need
moreinformation
P44 to P44 SB575, UNS N10276
(Low Carbon NiMoCrW Plate)		 SB575, UNS N10276
(Low Carbon NiMoCrW Plate)		 ERNiCrMo-4
ERNiCrMo-4
P44 to P44 SB619, UNS N102xx
(NiCrMo alloy Pipe)		 SB619, UNS N102xx
(NiCrMo alloy Pipe)		 ERNiCrMo-4 Alloys in 102xx seris vary in composition, need exact alloy
designation
P45 to P45 SB625, UNS N089xx
(NiCrMoCu Plate)		 SB625, UNS N089xx
(NiCrMoCu Plate)		 ENiCrMo-3
ERNiCrMo-3		 Multiple 8900 series alloys, need more info
P45 to P45 SB688, UNS N08366,
N08367 (CrNiMoFe Plate)		 SB688, UNS N08366, N08367
(CrNiMoFe Plate)		 ENiCrMo-3
ERNiCrMo-3
P45 to P45 SB688, UNS N08366,
N08367 (CrNiMoFe Plate)		 SB688, UNS N08366, N08367
(CrNiMoFe Plate)		 ENiCrMo-3

Guidelines for Welding Electrodes Handling and Storage

Proper electrode handling and storage are essential to maintaining electrode performance and preventing weld defects. Key practices include:

  • Dry Storage: Keep electrodes in dry conditions to avoid moisture absorption. This is especially important for low-hydrogen electrodes (e.g., E7018), which require storage in a holding oven at 120–150°C.
  • Conditioning Before Use: Electrodes exposed to moisture should be dried before use in an oven (e.g., 260–430°C for E7018). Improper drying can lead to hydrogen-induced cracking.
  • Handling Practices: Avoid dropping or damaging the electrode coating, as cracks or chips can affect the welding arc and lead to poor-quality welds.

Common User Concerns and Solutions

1. Cracking

  • Problem: Cracking in the weld or heat-affected zone (HAZ).
  • Solution: Use low-hydrogen electrodes (E7018) and preheat thick or highly restrained joints to minimize residual stresses.

2. Porosity

  • Problem: Presence of gas pockets in the weld.
  • Solution: Ensure proper electrode storage to avoid moisture, and clean the base material before welding to remove oils, rust, or paint.

3. Undercutting

  • Problem: Excessive groove formation along the weld toe.
  • Solution: Use appropriate welding parameters (current and travel speed) and avoid excessive heat input.

Conclusion

Choosing the right Welding Electrodes is essential for achieving high-quality welds in steel pipes, plates, fittings, flanges, and valves. By considering factors such as the base material, welding position, mechanical properties, and environment, you can ensure a strong and durable weld. Proper handling and storage of electrodes also contribute to preventing common welding issues like cracking and porosity. This guideline serves as a comprehensive reference to help users make informed decisions in electrode selection, ensuring optimal results in welding operations.

FBE Coated Line Pipe

Choosing the Right Coatings: 3LPE Coating vs FBE Coating

/in /by

Introduction

In the oil, gas, and water transmission industries, pipeline coatings play a crucial role in ensuring the long-term performance and protection of buried or submerged pipelines. Among the most widely used protective coatings are 3LPE (Three-Layer Polyethylene Coating) and FBE (Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coating). Both provide corrosion resistance and mechanical protection, but they offer distinct advantages depending on the application environment. Understanding their differences is essential for making an informed decision in pipeline coating selection. 3LPE coating vs FBE coating, let’s explore in-depth.

1. Overview of 3LPE Coating vs FBE Coating

3LPE Coating (Three-Layer Polyethylene Coating)

3LPE is a multi-layered protective system that combines different materials to create an effective shield against corrosion and physical damage. It consists of three layers:

  • Layer 1: Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE): This provides strong adhesion to the pipe surface and offers excellent corrosion resistance.
  • Layer 2: Copolymer Adhesive: The adhesive layer bonds the epoxy layer to the outer polyethylene layer, ensuring a strong bond.
  • Layer 3: Polyethylene (PE): The final layer offers mechanical protection from impacts, abrasions, and environmental conditions.

FBE Coating (Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coating)

FBE is a single-layer coating made from epoxy resins that are applied in a powder form. When heated, the powder melts and forms a continuous, highly adherent layer around the pipe surface. FBE coatings are primarily used for corrosion resistance in environments that may expose the pipeline to water, chemicals, or oxygen.

2. 3LPE Coating vs FBE Coating: Understanding the Differences

Feature 3LPE Coating FBE Coating
Structure Multi-layer (FBE + adhesive + PE) Single-layer epoxy coating
Corrosion Resistance Excellent, due to the combined barrier of FBE and PE layers Very good, provided by epoxy layer
Mechanical Protection High impact resistance, abrasion resistance, and durability Moderate; susceptible to mechanical damage
Operating Temperature Range -40°C to +80°C -40°C to +100°C
Application Environment Suitable for harsh environments, including offshore and buried pipelines Ideal for buried or submerged pipelines in less harsh environments
Application Thickness Typically thicker, due to multiple layers Typically thinner, single-layer application
Cost Higher initial cost due to multi-layer system More economical; single-layer application
Longevity Provides long-term protection in aggressive environments Good for moderate to less aggressive environments

3. Advantages of 3LPE Coating

3.1. Superior Corrosion and Mechanical Protection

The 3LPE system offers a robust combination of corrosion protection and mechanical durability. The FBE layer provides excellent adhesion to the pipe surface, acting as the primary barrier against corrosion, while the PE layer adds additional protection from mechanical stresses, such as impacts during installation and transportation.

3.2. Ideal for Buried and Offshore Pipelines

3LPE coatings are particularly well-suited for pipelines that will be buried underground or used in offshore environments. The outer polyethylene layer is highly resistant to abrasions, chemicals, and moisture, making it ideal for long-term performance in harsh conditions.

3.3. Extended Lifespan in Aggressive Environments

Pipelines coated with 3LPE are known for their longevity in aggressive environments such as coastal areas, high-salt regions, and locations prone to soil movement. The multi-layered protection ensures resistance to moisture penetration, soil contaminants, and mechanical damage, reducing the need for frequent maintenance.

4. Advantages of FBE Coating

4.1. Excellent Corrosion Resistance

Despite being a single-layer coating, FBE provides excellent resistance to corrosion, particularly in less harsh environments. The fusion-bonded epoxy layer is highly effective at preventing moisture and oxygen from reaching the steel pipe surface.

4.2. Heat Resistance

FBE coatings have a higher operating temperature limit compared to 3LPE, making them suitable for pipelines exposed to higher temperatures, such as in certain oil and gas transmission lines. They can operate in temperatures up to 100°C, compared to 3LPE’s typical upper limit of 80°C.

4.3. Lower Application Costs

Since FBE is a single-layer coating, the application process is less complex and requires fewer materials than 3LPE. This makes FBE a cost-effective solution for pipelines in less aggressive environments, where high-impact resistance is not critical.

5. 3LPE Coating vs FBE Coating: Which One Should You Choose?

5.1. Choose 3LPE When:

  • The pipeline is buried in harsh environments, including coastal regions or areas with high soil moisture content.
  • High mechanical protection is needed during handling and installation.
  • Long-term durability and resistance to environmental factors like water and chemicals are required.
  • The pipeline is exposed to aggressive environments where maximum corrosion protection is essential.

5.2. Choose FBE When:

  • The pipeline will be operating at higher temperatures (up to 100°C).
  • The pipeline is not exposed to severe mechanical stresses, and corrosion protection is the primary concern.
  • The application requires a more economical solution without compromising corrosion resistance.
  • The pipeline is located in less aggressive environments, such as low-salt soils or moderate climate areas.

6. 3LPE Coating vs FBE Coating: Challenges and Limitations

6.1. Challenges with 3LPE

  • Higher Initial Costs: The multi-layer system involves more materials and a more complex application process, resulting in higher initial costs.
  • Thicker Coating: While this adds durability, the thicker coating may require more space in certain applications, especially in tightly confined pipeline installations.

6.2. Challenges with FBE

  • Lower Mechanical Strength: FBE coatings lack the robust mechanical protection provided by 3LPE, making them more susceptible to damage during handling and installation.
  • Moisture Absorption: Although FBE provides good corrosion resistance, its single-layer design makes it more prone to moisture ingress over time, particularly in aggressive environments.

7. Conclusion: Making the Right Choice

Choosing between 3LPE and FBE coatings depends on the specific conditions and requirements of the pipeline. 3LPE is ideal for harsh environments where long-term durability and mechanical protection are priorities, while FBE offers a cost-effective solution for environments where corrosion resistance is the main concern and mechanical stresses are moderate.

By understanding the strengths and limitations of each coating, pipeline engineers can make informed decisions to maximize the longevity, safety, and performance of their transmission systems, whether transporting oil, gas, or water.

API Specification 5L

All You Need to Know: API 5L Specification for Line Pipe

/in /by

Overview of API 5L Specification for Line Pipe

The API 5L standard, published by the American Petroleum Institute (API), specifies requirements for the manufacturing of two types of steel pipes: seamless and welded, primarily used for pipelines transporting oil, gas, water, and other fluids in the oil and gas industry. The standard covers pipes for both onshore and offshore pipeline applications. API 5L Specification for Line Pipe is widely adopted for its rigorous quality controls and testing standards, which ensure the pipes meet safety, performance, and durability requirements in a range of operational environments.

Product Specification Levels (PSL) in API 5L Specification for Line Pipe

API 5L defines two distinct levels of product specification: PSL 1 and PSL 2. These levels differ in terms of mechanical properties, testing requirements, and quality control.

a) PSL1: Basic Requirements

PSL1 is the standard quality level for line pipes. It has basic requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties, and dimensional tolerances. The pipes specified under PSL1 are used in standard pipeline projects where conditions are not extreme or corrosive.
Chemistry & Mechanical Properties: API 5L PSL1 allows for a broader range of chemical compositions and mechanical properties. The tensile and yield strength are specified, but these are typically lower than PSL2.
Testing: Basic tests, such as hydrostatic testing, are required, but PSL1 pipes do not require more advanced testing like fracture toughness or impact tests.

b) PSL2: Enhanced Requirements

PSL2 imposes stricter requirements on quality control, mechanical properties, and testing procedures. It is required in more demanding pipeline environments, such as offshore or sour service (containing hydrogen sulfide), where pipe failure could have severe consequences.
Chemistry & Mechanical Properties: PSL2 has tighter controls over chemical composition and imposes more stringent mechanical property requirements. For example, PSL2 mandates stricter limits on sulfur and phosphorus to enhance corrosion resistance.
Impact Testing: Charpy impact testing is required for PSL2, especially in low-temperature environments to ensure the pipe’s toughness and ability to resist brittle fractures.
Fracture Toughness: PSL2 specifies fracture toughness testing, especially for pipes that will be used in extreme conditions.
Additional Testing: Non-destructive testing (NDT), like ultrasonic and radiographic testing, is more common for PSL2 pipes to ensure the absence of internal defects.

Pipe Grades in API 5L Specification for Line Pipe

API 5L specifies various pipe grades that represent the strength of the material. These grades include both standard and high-strength options, with each offering different performance characteristics.

a) Grade B

Grade B is one of the most common grades for lower-pressure pipelines. It provides moderate strength and is used in projects where extreme conditions are not expected.
Yield Strength: 241 MPa (35 ksi), Tensile Strength: 414 MPa (60 ksi)

b) High-Strength Grades (X Grades)

The “X” grades in API 5L indicate higher-strength pipes, with numbers following the “X” (e.g., X42, X52, X60) corresponding to the minimum yield strength in ksi (thousands of pounds per square inch).
X42: Minimum yield strength of 42 ksi (290 MPa)
X52: Minimum yield strength of 52 ksi (358 MPa)
X60: Minimum yield strength of 60 ksi (414 MPa)
X65, X70, X80: Used in more demanding projects, such as high-pressure pipelines in offshore environments.

Higher grades like X80 provide excellent strength, allowing the use of thinner pipes to reduce material costs while maintaining safety and performance under high-pressure conditions.

Pipe Manufacturing Processes in API 5L Specification for Line Pipe

API 5L covers both seamless and welded pipe manufacturing processes, each of which has specific advantages depending on the application:

a) Seamless Pipes

Seamless pipes are manufactured through a process that involves heating a billet and piercing it to create a hollow tube. These pipes are typically used in high-pressure applications due to their uniform strength and the absence of a seam, which can be a weak point in welded pipes.
Advantages: Higher strength, no risk of seam failure, good for sour and high-pressure service.
Disadvantages: Higher cost, limited in terms of size and length compared to welded pipes.

b) Welded Pipes

Welded pipes are manufactured by rolling steel into a cylinder and welding the longitudinal seam. API 5L defines two main types of welded pipes: ERW (Electric Resistance Welded) and LSAW (Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welded).
ERW Pipes: These are manufactured by welding the seam using electric resistance, commonly used for smaller diameter pipes.
LSAW Pipes: Manufactured by welding the seam using submerged arc welding, ideal for larger diameter pipes and high-strength applications.

Dimensional Tolerances in API 5L Specification for Line Pipe

API 5L specifies dimensional tolerances for factors like pipe diameter, wall thickness, length, and straightness. These tolerances ensure that the pipes meet the required standards for fit and performance in pipeline systems.
Pipe Diameter: API 5L defines nominal outside diameters (OD) and allows specific tolerances on these dimensions.
Wall Thickness: Wall thickness is specified according to Schedule Numbers or Standard Weight categories. Thicker walls provide increased strength for high-pressure environments.

Length: Pipes can be provided in random lengths, fixed lengths, or double random lengths (typically 38-42 ft), depending on the project requirements.

Testing and Inspection in API 5L Specification for Line Pipe

Testing and inspection protocols are vital for ensuring API 5L pipes meet quality and safety requirements, particularly for PSL2 pipes where failure can lead to catastrophic consequences.

a) Hydrostatic Testing

All API 5L pipes, regardless of the specification level, must pass a hydrostatic test. This test ensures that the pipe can withstand the maximum operating pressure without failure or leaks.

b) Charpy Impact Testing (PSL2)

For PSL2 pipes, Charpy impact testing is mandatory, especially for pipes that will operate in cold environments. This test measures the toughness of the material by determining how much energy it absorbs before fracturing.

c) Fracture Toughness Testing (PSL2)

Fracture toughness testing is essential to ensure that pipes in high-stress or low-temperature environments can resist crack propagation.

d) Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)

PSL2 pipes are subjected to NDT methods, such as:
Ultrasonic Testing: Used to detect internal flaws, like inclusions or cracks, that may not be visible to the naked eye.
Radiographic Testing: Provides a detailed image of the pipe’s internal structure, identifying any potential defects.

Coating and Corrosion Protection

API 5L recognizes the need for external protection, especially for pipelines exposed to corrosive environments (e.g., offshore pipelines or buried pipelines). Common coatings and protective methods include:
3-Layer Polyethylene (3LPE) Coating: Protects against corrosion, abrasion, and mechanical damage.
Fusion-Bonded Epoxy (FBE) Coating: Commonly used for corrosion resistance, especially in underground pipelines.
Cathodic Protection: A technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell.

Applications of API 5L Pipes

API 5L pipes are used in a wide variety of pipeline applications, such as:
Crude Oil Pipelines: Transporting crude oil from production sites to refineries.
Natural Gas Pipelines: Transporting natural gas over long distances, often under high pressure.
Water Pipelines: Supplying water to and from industrial operations.
Refined Product Pipelines: Transporting finished petroleum products, such as gasoline or jet fuel, to distribution terminals.

Conclusion

The API 5L Specification for Line Pipe is fundamental to ensuring the safe, efficient, and cost-effective transportation of fluids in the oil and gas industry. By specifying stringent requirements for material composition, mechanical properties, and testing, API 5L provides the foundation for high-performance pipelines. Understanding the differences between PSL1 and PSL2, the various pipe grades, and the relevant testing protocols allows engineers and project managers to select the appropriate line pipes for their specific projects, ensuring safety and long-term durability in challenging operational environments.

ASTM A671 CC60 Class 3

ASTM A671 Low-Temp Carbon Steel Pipe: A Comprehensive Guide

/in /by

Introduction

In the demanding oil and gas industry, material selection is critical to ensure piping systems’ long-term durability and performance. ASTM A671 low-temp carbon steel pipe is a trusted standard in this field, especially in environments where the combination of low temperatures, high pressures, and corrosive conditions can be challenging. This blog provides a detailed overview of ASTM A671, addressing its properties, applications, manufacturing process, and how it provides solutions for everyday challenges in the oil and gas industry.

What is ASTM A671 Low-Temp Carbon Steel Pipe?

ASTM A671 is a specification that covers electric-fusion-welded steel pipes using pressure vessel-quality plates. These pipes are designed for use in low-temperature environments, with materials suited for conditions where brittle fracture can be a concern. The carbon steel pipes specified by ASTM A671 are widely used in critical piping systems that must operate safely under extreme temperatures.

Key Features:

Low-temperature service: ASTM A671 pipes are ideal for applications in cryogenic and low-temperature environments, preventing brittleness.
Pressure-resistant: These pipes are built to handle high-pressure environments essential for oil and gas transportation.
Customizable: Depending on the desired tensile strength, notch toughness, and corrosion resistance, pipes can be supplied in different grades.

Manufacturing Process

Manufacturing ASTM A671 pipes involves electric-fusion welding (EFW) of carbon steel plates. This process ensures a high-quality weld seam, providing the strength and durability needed for demanding service conditions.

Steps in the Manufacturing Process:

Selection of Pressure Vessel Plates: Carbon steel plates designed for pressure vessel applications (commonly per ASTM A516) are selected for their superior mechanical properties.
Forming: These plates are rolled into cylindrical forms.
Electric-Fusion Welding (EFW): Electric welding uses electric fusion, which involves heating the metal and fusing it without adding filler material, resulting in a high-integrity weld seam.
Heat Treatment: The pipes undergo heat treatment to enhance their toughness and resistance to brittle fracture, especially for low-temperature applications.
Testing: Each pipe undergoes rigorous testing for pressure, mechanical properties, and low-temperature performance to ensure compliance with ASTM A671 standards.

Mechanical Properties: ASTM A671 Low-Temp Carbon Steel Pipe

ASTM A671 pipes are available in various grades based on mechanical properties and the type of heat treatment used. The most common grades for low-temperature applications include:
Grade CC60: Yield strength of 240 MPa and tensile strength ranging from 415 to 550 MPa.
Grade CC65: Yield strength of 260 MPa and tensile strength ranging from 450 to 585 MPa.
Grade CC70: Yield strength of 290 MPa and tensile strength ranging from 485 to 620 MPa.

Each grade provides different toughness, strength, and low-temperature performance levels, allowing for tailored solutions based on specific project requirements.

Applications: ASTM A671 Low-Temp Carbon Steel Pipe

ASTM A671 pipes are used extensively in the oil and gas sector due to their ability to handle the harsh environmental conditions typical in upstream, midstream, and downstream operations.
Pipeline Systems: ASTM A671 pipes are used in pipeline systems to transport crude oil, natural gas, and other hydrocarbons in low-temperature regions, such as offshore platforms or Arctic pipelines.
Pressure Vessels: These pipes are utilized in pressure vessel applications where safety and integrity are critical under low-temperature and high-pressure conditions.
Refinery and Petrochemical Plants: These pipes are found in the low-temperature processing areas of refineries and petrochemical plants, where temperatures can drop to cryogenic levels.
LNG Facilities: In liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities, the piping systems must maintain performance at cryogenic temperatures, making ASTM A671 an excellent choice for such environments.

Solutions to Common User Concerns

1. Low-temperature brittleness

A common concern in oil and gas pipelines is material failure due to low-temperature brittleness, which can lead to catastrophic consequences. ASTM A671 addresses this by carefully selecting pressure vessel-quality steel and using heat treatments to improve toughness. Additionally, rigorous testing ensures the pipes can handle low-temperature conditions without cracking or fracturing.
Solution: Select the appropriate grade of ASTM A671 based on your project’s specific environmental conditions. For sub-zero environments, opt for grades like CC65 or CC70, which are optimized for low-temperature performance.

2. High-Pressure Resistance

Pipelines and pressure vessels in oil and gas operations are frequently exposed to high pressures. The ASTM A671 specification ensures that these pipes have the strength to withstand such conditions, reducing the risk of rupture or leaks.
Solution: When operating under high-pressure environments, ensure that the pipe is tested and certified for the maximum operating pressure (MOP) required by your system.

3. Corrosion Resistance

Corrosion is a significant concern in oil and gas operations, particularly offshore and highly corrosive environments. While ASTM A671 pipes are not inherently corrosion-resistant like stainless steel, they can be coated or lined with specialized materials to enhance corrosion resistance.
Solution: To extend the service life of ASTM A671 pipes in corrosive environments, consider applying internal linings or external coatings. Additionally, regular maintenance and inspections can help mitigate corrosion issues.

4. Compliance with Standards

Oil and gas companies often need to ensure that their materials comply with multiple international standards for safety and performance. ASTM A671 pipes are produced in compliance with strict industry standards, ensuring their use in a wide range of projects worldwide.
Solution: Verify that the supplier provides full certification of compliance with ASTM standards, including mechanical property testing, low-temperature toughness testing, and pressure testing.

Testing and QC/QA

To ensure the integrity and performance of ASTM A671 pipes, various tests are conducted during the manufacturing process:
Hydrostatic Testing: Each pipe is tested under high pressure to ensure that the weld is free of leaks or flaws.
Charpy Impact Testing: Performed to evaluate the material’s toughness at low temperatures.
Ultrasonic Testing: Non-destructive testing to detect internal flaws or discontinuities in the weld.
Radiographic Testing: Provides a visual inspection of the weld to ensure uniformity and the absence of defects.
These stringent tests ensure the pipes can operate safely in critical low-temperature environments.

Conclusion: Ideal for the Oil and Gas Industry

The oil and gas industry demands materials that can handle extreme conditions, including low temperatures, high pressures, and corrosive environments. ASTM A671 low-temp carbon steel pipe is engineered to meet these challenges head-on. By offering superior toughness, strength, and weld integrity, these pipes are essential for ensuring hydrocarbons’ safe and efficient transport in even the harshest conditions.

Low-Temperature Service: ASTM A671 pipes are engineered for low-temperature environments, reducing the risk of brittle fracture.
Pressure-Resistant: These pipes can withstand high-pressure conditions commonly found in oil and gas transportation systems.
Customizable: ASTM A671 pipes come in various grades, allowing for tailored solutions based on project specifications.

For oil and gas companies looking for reliable and robust piping solutions, ASTM A671 low-temp carbon steel pipe offers a dependable option that ensures safety, performance, and compliance in demanding environments.

This guide focuses on material performance, solutions to common issues, and quality assurance, providing users with the information they need to make informed decisions about using ASTM A671 pipes for low-temperature oil and gas applications.

ASTM A691 Alloy Steel Pipe

All You Need to Know: ASTM A691 Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipes

/in /by

Introduction

In the oil and gas industry, selecting the right materials for high-pressure piping systems is critical to ensure safety, longevity, and performance. Major players in the oil and gas sector favor ASTM A691 Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipes, particularly those designed for high-pressure service in harsh and demanding environments.
This guide will explore the features, manufacturing process, grades, applications, and common concerns regarding ASTM A691 pipes, providing valuable insights for professionals working in the oil and gas sector.

What are ASTM A691 Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipes?

ASTM A691 is a specification for electric-fusion-welded carbon and alloy steel pipes designed for high-pressure service at elevated temperatures. Manufacturers use pressure vessel-quality plate materials to make these pipes, ensuring they perform well in applications that demand strength and durability under extreme pressure and temperature conditions.
The A691 specification ensures that these pipes can withstand the harsh conditions typically encountered in oil and gas production, petrochemical industries, and power generation.
Essential Features:
High-pressure and temperature service: ASTM A691 pipes are designed to handle high pressures and elevated temperatures, making them ideal for critical applications in oil and gas processing.
Alloy options: The specification offers a wide range of alloy steel grades to cater to different mechanical and corrosion resistance requirements.
Electric-fusion-welded (EFW): This welding process ensures the structural integrity of the pipe, even in high-stress environments.

ASTM A691 1-¼Cr Cl22 EFW Alloy Steel Pipe

ASTM A691 1-¼Cr Cl22 EFW Alloy Steel Pipe

Manufacturing of ASTM A691 Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipes

Steel plates, typically produced under ASTM standards for pressure vessel-quality materials like ASTM A387 for alloy steels and ASTM A516 for carbon steels, undergo electric-fusion welding (EFW) to manufacture ASTM A691 pipes.
Manufacturing Procedures:
Plate Selection: To select carbon or alloy steel plates for high-pressure applications, engineers consider the specific grade and service conditions.
Plate Forming: The workers roll these steel plates into a cylindrical shape.
Electric-Fusion Welding (EFW): The welder uses electric fusion welding to join the edges of the rolled plate, thereby ensuring a continuous weld that is not only strong enough to withstand high pressures but also resilient enough to handle thermal stresses.
Heat Treatment:
Manufacturers heat-treat pipes as required by the specification to improve toughness, strength, and resistance to brittleness in high-pressure service.
Mechanical Testing: Engineers perform comprehensive tests, including tensile tests, hardness tests, and impact tests, to ensure the material meets the required mechanical properties.
This process results in pipes with excellent structural integrity and mechanical properties, making them well-suited for demanding environments.

ASTM A691 Pipe Grades for High-Pressure Service

ASTM A691 includes several grades based on the mechanical properties and chemical composition of the carbon or alloy steel. These grades offer different levels of strength, corrosion resistance, and heat resistance.
1-1/4Cr, 2-1/4Cr, 5Cr, 9Cr: These chromium-molybdenum alloy steels are used for high-temperature applications where strength and corrosion resistance are critical.
12Cr and 22Cr: These grades provide excellent heat resistance and are commonly used in power generation and refinery applications.
Grade 91: Known for its high strength and heat resistance, this grade is widely used in high-pressure boiler and heat exchanger applications.
Each grade has different mechanical and chemical properties, allowing for customization based on the application’s requirements.

Applications of ASTM A691 Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipes

The versatility of ASTM A691 pipes makes them ideal for a wide range of applications in the oil and gas industry. These pipes excel at handling high pressures, elevated temperatures, and corrosive environments.
Steam and Power Generation Systems: Power plants commonly use ASTM A691 pipes in high-pressure steam lines, where they must withstand extreme temperatures and pressures.
Refinery and Petrochemical Operations: In refineries and petrochemical plants, processing units that operate under high-temperature conditions often use these pipes.
Oil and Gas Pipelines: High-pressure transport of oil, gas, and related products requires pipes that can perform under both elevated temperatures and corrosive conditions. ASTM A691 is an excellent choice because it offers exceptional strength and outstanding resistance to corrosion, which guarantees reliability in such demanding environments. Moreover, its ability to withstand extreme conditions further reinforces its suitability for these applications.
Pressure Vessels and Heat Exchangers: These pipes are ideal for use in pressure vessels and heat exchangers, which are critical components in oil and gas processing facilities.

Solutions to Common User Concerns in Oil and Gas Applications

High-Pressure Integrity
One of the most common concerns in oil and gas operations is ensuring the integrity of piping systems under extreme pressure. Engineers design ASTM A691 pipes from high-strength carbon and alloy steel to handle the high pressures typically encountered in pipelines, pressure vessels, and steam lines.
Solution: For high-pressure applications, selecting the appropriate grade of ASTM A691 pipe ensures that the system can handle the maximum operating pressure (MOP) without risk of rupture or failure.
Temperature Resistance
In both upstream and downstream oil and gas operations, high-temperature conditions are prevalent, particularly in processes such as steam generation and chemical refining. Moreover, these extreme temperatures play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency of various operations. Consequently, it is essential to select materials that can withstand these elevated temperatures without compromising performance. Engineers design ASTM A691 pipes to withstand high temperatures, preventing weakening or failure under such conditions.
Solution: For applications where heat resistance is a priority, consider choosing a grade with high-temperature resistance, such as 9Cr or 91. Additionally, heat treatment of the pipes can further enhance their ability to withstand extreme thermal conditions, ensuring optimal performance under challenging environments.
Corrosion Resistance
Offshore platforms and other oil and gas facilities face highly corrosive environments. Corrosion can compromise the integrity of the piping system and lead to expensive repairs and downtime. While carbon steel is not inherently corrosion-resistant, ASTM A691 includes alloy grades like 9Cr and 91, which, in contrast, offer enhanced corrosion resistance, especially in aggressive environments. Therefore, these alloy grades provide a more suitable solution for applications where corrosion resistance is critical.
Solution: In highly corrosive conditions, opt for an alloy steel grade like 9Cr that offers better corrosion resistance, or apply protective coatings or linings to the pipes to mitigate corrosion.
Material Compliance and Quality Assurance
Ensuring compliance with industry standards is critical in oil and gas operations. Poor-quality pipes can lead to failures, safety hazards, and environmental disasters. ASTM A691 pipes undergo rigorous testing for mechanical properties, pressure resistance, and heat resistance to meet the high demands of the oil and gas industry.
Solution: Verify that the ASTM A691 pipes supplied meet all the required testing standards, including ultrasonic testing, radiographic inspection, and hydrostatic pressure testing, to ensure quality and performance.

Testing and QC of ASTM A691 Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipes

ASTM A691 pipes undergo comprehensive testing to ensure they meet the necessary performance criteria for high-pressure and high-temperature service.
Hydrostatic Testing: Ensures that the pipe can withstand internal pressures without leakage or failure.
Tensile Testing: Determines the pipe’s strength and elongation to ensure it meets the mechanical property requirements for the specified grade.
Impact Testing: The toughness of the pipe material is measured, especially in applications where resistance to cracking or brittleness is particularly crucial.
Ultrasonic and Radiographic Testing:  Non-destructive testing methods identify internal flaws or discontinuities in pipe welds.
These tests ensure the pipes are ready for service in the most challenging environments and comply with the stringent demands of the oil and gas industry.

Advantages of ASTM A691 Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipes

Versatility in Alloy Selection
ASTM A691 offers a wide range of carbon and alloy steel options, thereby allowing users to select the most suitable grade for their specific application. Whether the need is for high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, or high-pressure service, the versatility of ASTM A691 ensures that all requirements can be met effectively.
Weld Integrity
The electric-fusion welding process used in manufacturing ASTM A691 pipes provides a seamless and robust weld joint, ensuring that the pipes maintain their strength and structural integrity under extreme conditions.
Customizability
We can supply pipes in different sizes, grades, and heat treatments to meet the exact requirements of the project, delivering tailored solutions for oil and gas applications.
High-Pressure and High-Temperature Performance
ASTM A691 pipes are engineered to withstand the high-pressure and high-temperature conditions common in oil and gas operations, ensuring long-term reliability and safety.

Conclusion

The oil and gas industry requires materials that can withstand extreme pressures, as well as high temperatures and corrosive conditions, all while maintaining structural integrity and optimal performance. ASTM A691 carbon and alloy steel pipes meet these demands, providing a dependable solution for critical piping systems in power plants, refineries, petrochemical facilities, and oil and gas pipelines.
High-Pressure Service: ASTM A691 pipes are ideal for high-pressure applications, offering superior strength and reliability.
Temperature Resistance: These pipes perform exceptionally well under elevated temperatures, making them a preferred choice for steam lines and refinery operations.
Alloy Customization: With a variety of carbon and alloy steel grades available, ASTM A691 pipes can, therefore, be tailored to meet specific needs, such as enhanced corrosion resistance or improved heat resistance.
Quality Assurance: Rigorous testing ensures that ASTM A691 pipes meet the industry’s highest standards for safety and performance.

For professionals in the oil and gas industry seeking high-quality, reliable piping solutions, ASTM A691 carbon and alloy steel pipes provide the strength, versatility, and durability required for even the most challenging environments. Contact us at [email protected] for a quote for your ongoing project!

Heat Treatments for Steel Pipe

Heat Treatments for Steel Pipes: A Comprehensive Industry Knowledge

/in /by

Introduction

Heat Treatments for Steel Pipes are a critical process in steel pipe manufacturing, influencing the mechanical properties, performance, and application suitability of the material. Whether improving strength, toughness, or ductility, heat treatment methods such as normalizing, annealing, tempering, and quenching ensure steel pipes can meet the demanding requirements of various industries, including oil and gas, construction, and chemical processing.

In this comprehensive blog, we will cover the most common heat treatment methods used for steel pipes. This guide will help you understand each process, its purpose, and its application, offering valuable solutions to challenges users might face in selecting the right steel pipes for their specific needs.

Key Heat Treatments for Steel Pipes

1. +N (Normalizing)

Normalizing involves heating steel to a temperature above its critical point and then allowing it to cool in air. This heat treatment refines the grain structure, enhancing the pipe’s mechanical properties, making it more uniform, and increasing strength and toughness.

  • Purpose: Improves ductility, toughness, and grain refinement.
  • Applications: Ideal for structural components subjected to impact, such as crane booms and bridges.
  • Example of Steel Grades: ASTM A106 Gr. B/C, API 5L Gr. X42–X70.

2. +T (Tempering)

Tempering is performed after quenching to reduce brittleness while maintaining hardness and strength. The process involves reheating the steel to a lower temperature, usually below its critical temperature, and then cooling it in the air.

  • Purpose: Balances hardness with increased ductility and toughness.
  • Applications: Commonly used in high-stress applications, such as shafts, gears, and heavy machinery components.
  • Examples of Steel Grades: ASTM A333, ASTM A335 (for alloy steels).

3. +QT (Quenching and Tempering)

Quenching and Tempering (QT) involves heating the steel pipe to an elevated temperature, followed by rapid cooling in water or oil (quenching) and then reheating at a lower temperature (tempering). This treatment produces pipes with excellent strength and toughness.

  • Purpose: Maximizes hardness and strength while improving toughness.
  • Applications: Ideal for high-pressure pipelines, structural applications, and oilfield components.
  • Example of Steel Grades: API 5L Gr. X65, ASTM A517.

4. +AT (Solution Annealing)

Solution Annealing involves heating stainless steel pipes to a temperature where carbides dissolve in the austenite phase and then rapidly cooling to prevent the formation of chromium carbides. This heat treatment enhances corrosion resistance.

  • Purpose: Maximizes corrosion resistance, particularly in stainless steel pipes.
  • Applications: Used for piping in the chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries, where corrosion resistance is critical.
  • Example of Steel Grades: ASTM A312 (stainless steel).

5. +A (Annealing)

Annealing is a process that involves heating the steel to a specific temperature and then cooling it slowly in a furnace. This softens the steel, reduces hardness, and improves ductility and workability.

  • Purpose: Softens the steel for enhanced machinability and improved formability.
  • Applications: Suitable for steel pipes used in environments where forming, cutting, and machining are required.
  • Examples of Steel Grades: ASTM A179, ASTM A213 (for heat exchangers).

6. +NT (Normalizing and Tempering)

Normalizing and Tempering (NT) combines the processes of normalizing and tempering to refine the grain structure and improve the toughness of the steel pipe while enhancing its overall mechanical properties.

  • Purpose: Refines the grain structure, providing a balance between strength, toughness, and ductility.
  • Applications: Common in the manufacturing of seamless pipes for the automotive and power generation industries.
  • Examples of Steel Grades: ASTM A333, EN 10216.

7. +PH (Precipitation Hardening)

Precipitation Hardening involves heating the steel to promote the formation of fine precipitates, which strengthen the steel without reducing ductility. This is commonly used in special alloys.

  • Purpose: Increases strength through hardening without affecting ductility.
  • Applications: Used in aerospace, nuclear, and marine applications where high strength and corrosion resistance are crucial.
  • Example of Steel Grades: ASTM A564 (for PH stainless steels).

8. +SR (Cold Drawn + Stress Relieved)

Stress Relief Annealing after cold drawing is used to remove internal stresses induced during forming operations. This method improves dimensional stability and mechanical properties.

  • Purpose: Reduces residual stresses while retaining high strength.
  • Applications: Common in high-precision components such as hydraulic tubes and boiler pipes.
  • Example of Steel Grades: EN 10305-4 (for hydraulic and pneumatic systems).

9. +AR (As Rolled)

As Rolled (AR) refers to steel that has been rolled at high temperatures (above its recrystallization temperature) and allowed to cool without further heat treatment. As-rolled steel tends to have lower toughness and ductility compared to normalized or tempered steel.

  • Purpose: Provides a cost-effective option with adequate strength for less demanding applications.
  • Applications: Used in structural applications where ductility and toughness are not critical.
  • Examples of Steel Grades: ASTM A36, EN 10025.

10. +LC (Cold Drawn + Soft)

Cold drawing involves pulling the steel through a die to reduce its diameter, while Cold Drawn + Soft (LC) involves additional processing to soften the steel, improving its formability.

  • Purpose: Increases dimensional accuracy while retaining malleability.
  • Applications: Used in applications requiring high precision and formability, such as tubing for medical devices and instrumentation.
  • Example of Steel Grades: ASTM A179 (for heat exchangers and condensers).

11. +M/TMCP (Thermomechanical Controlled Process)

Thermomechanical Controlled Processing (TMCP) is a combination of controlled rolling and cooling processes. TMCP steel offers higher strength, toughness, and weldability while minimizing alloying elements.

  • Purpose: Achieves fine grain structures and improved toughness with reduced alloy content.
  • Applications: Widely used in shipbuilding, bridges, and offshore structures.
  • Example of Steel Grades: API 5L X65M, EN 10149.

12. +C (Cold Drawn + Hard)

Cold Drawn + Hard (C) refers to a steel pipe that has been cold drawn to increase strength and hardness without additional heat treatment.

  • Purpose: Provides high strength and improved dimensional accuracy.
  • Applications: Common in high-precision components where strength and accuracy are key, such as shafts and fittings.
  • Example of Steel Grades: EN 10305-1 (for precision steel tubes).

13. +CR (Cold Rolled)

Cold Rolled (CR) steel is processed at room temperature, resulting in a product that is stronger and has a better surface finish than hot-rolled steel.

  • Purpose: Produces a stronger, more accurate, and better-finished product.
  • Applications: Common in automotive components, appliances, and construction.
  • Example of Steel Grades: EN 10130 (for cold-rolled steel).

Conclusion: Choosing the Right Heat Treatment for Steel Pipes

Selecting the appropriate heat treatment for steel pipes depends on the application, mechanical properties, and environmental factors. Heat treatments such as normalizing, tempering, and quenching all serve distinct purposes in improving toughness, strength, or ductility, and selecting the right method can make a difference in performance and longevity.

By understanding the key heat treatments outlined above, you can make informed decisions that meet specific project needs, ensuring safety, efficiency, and durability in your application. Whether you’re sourcing pipes for high-pressure environments, chemical processing, or structural integrity, the right heat treatment will ensure you achieve the desired mechanical and performance characteristics.